Trauma And Its Effects On The Survivors Of Such Violence

Trauma to most people can be defined as a deeply distressing or disturbing experience. The risk of experiencing trauma has been a natural part of the human existence since we evolved as a species. Attacks by giant hyenas, snakes, or tigers 100,000 years ago and life threatening automobile accidents in the twenty-first century have probably produced similar psychological ramifications in the survivors of such violence. Following trauma people may experience a wide range of normal responses, both physical reactions like sudden sweating and emotional reactions like shock, fear, or anxiety are common. Truly, the notion that a person may develop symptoms, which are mostly subjective and usually not connected with any openly defined somatic†¦show more content†¦The paper will cover a detailed description of PTSD and information on the diagnostic criteria. It will also cover the etiology and epidemiology of the disorder. Along with the aforementioned topics, diagnostic changes from the DSM-IV-TR to the DSM-V will also be discussed. Lastly, the prognostic course and current treatments in the field for this disorder will be reviewed. The essential feature to understanding the scientific basis and clinical expression of PTSD is the idea that characteristic symptoms develop following exposure to one or more traumatic events. A traumatic event was originally hypothesized as a catastrophic stressor that was outside the range of what a human would regularly experience (APA, 1980). Criterion A for PTSD indicates that exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence is required to make the diagnosis (APA, 2013). There are four ways by which a person can experience trauma and meet criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD. A person could directly experience the traumatic event, directly experienced traumatic events in criterion A include, but are certainly not limited to being taken hostage, torture, natural disasters, and severe motor vehicle accidents. Interestingly terminal medical conditions are not necessarily considered traumatic unless they are unexpected and calamitous such as waking up in the middle of surgery (APA, 2013). Another way an individual can experience trauma is by witnessing the event in person

The Incarceration Of The United States - 1519 Words

in recent decades, violent crimes in the United States of America have been on a steady decline, however, the number of people in the United States under some form of correctional control is reaching towering heights and reaching record proportions. In the last thirty years, the incarceration rates in the United States has skyrocketed; the numbers roughly quadrupled from around five hundred thousand to more than 2 million people. (NAACP)In a speech on criminal justice at Columbia University, Hillary Clinton notes that, â€Å"It’s a stark fact that the United States has less than five percent of the world’s population, yet we have almost 25 percent of the world’s total prison population. The numbers today are much higher than they were 30, 40 years ago, despite the fact that crime is at historic lows.† (washington post) How could this be? Are Americans more prone to criminal activity than the rest of the world? How could they be more prone to criminal ac tivity if crime rates have been dropping? Numbers like that should be cause for concern, because if crime rates are dropping then it is only logical for one to expect the number of incarceration to go down as well; unfortunately, the opposite is true. Shockingly, there seem to be a few people who actually profits from keeping people in jails. The practice of mass incarceration who most see as a major problem in the United States of America is actually beneficial to some. The prison system in the United States who was create toShow MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Of The United States980 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever questioned about the justice in the United States? Stevenson states that, â€Å"Today we have the highest rate of incarceration in the world. The prison population has increased from 300,000 people in the early 1970s to 2.3 million people today† (15). United States is a modern country that doesn’t serve justice to her citizen? 2.3 million prisoners are j ust embarrassing the whole country. You might want to know how bad the justice system is and how the heck cause 2.3 million prisoners toRead MoreIncarceration Of The United States Essay2335 Words   |  10 PagesEven though the United States makes up just 5% of the world’s population, it houses 25% of the world’s prison population† (Walmsley, 2009). The United States prides itself in being a worldwide leader in just about every category; however, being the world leader in incarceration rights might not be something the United States would be proud about. Incarceration rates in the United States have grown at alarming rates in the past forty years specifically and it has resulted in major overcrowding issuesRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States979 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever question about the justice in the United States? Stevenson states that, â€Å"Today we have the highest rate of incarceration in the world. The prison population has increa sed from 300,000 people in the early 1970s to 2.3 million people today† (15). Is United States is a modern country that doesn’t serve justice to her citizen? 2.3 million of prisoners are just embarrassing the whole country. You might want to know how bad the justice system is and how the heck cause 2.3 million prisonersRead MoreIncarceration Of The United States1113 Words   |  5 Pages The United States of America has more people incarcerated than any other country on earth, a whopping 2,220,300 adults are currently locked behind bars. We have 500,000 more citizens locked up than China, a country 5 times our population run by an authoritarian government. From 1990 - 2000 the prison population increased by 1,000,000. The main reason for incarceration as a punishment in this country is rehabilitation, or so we have been told. In recent years an industry has developed that revolvesRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States1044 Words   |  5 PagesOverview The United States has the highest prison population in the world, with over two million incarcerated (World Prison Brief, 2016), of whom many are juveniles. It is well documented that youths who enter this system are more likely to suffer a host of negative health and lifestyle outcomes, such as alcohol/drug abuse, high school dropout, and mental health problems. Such phenomena occur in stark contrast with the aims of the US juvenile justice system, which supposedly intends to help offendingRead MoreIncarceration Of The United States1957 Words   |  8 Pages Incarceration has been a pending issue amongst western civilization’s history for some time and today continues to raise a wide range of important questions. Incarceration of individuals have become a tremendous tax payer concern along with the incarceration of the drug war, convictions of street gangs, and the rest of the individuals who have broken the law and harmed other innocent individuals. However, the question is always a concern of men incarceration and hardly addressed of women beingRead MoreIncarceration Of The United States3014 Words   |  13 PagesThe United States of America is phrased by many, as being â€Å"the land of the free.† Yet, the Unites States currently has the highest per capita prison population than any other country. The United States makes up only 5% of the world’s population and of that 5%, 25% of our overall nation’s population is currently incarcerated. 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Every state, city, country, all have laws we citizens obey and go by to do best for our country, but what happens someone violates the law? According to Google’s definition of a felony, it says that felony means, â€Å"a crime, typically one involving violence, regarded as more serious than a misdemeanor, and usually punishableRead MoreIncarceration Of The United States1774 Words   |  8 PagesCurrently the United States holds the leading position for having the largest prison population in the world. Considering this, the cost of re-incarcerating offenders after their release remains notably high to U.S Americans and our society. Recidivism is known as the reimprisonment of an individual that is released from prison but then later returns for being convicted of a new crime. However, there is essential data that proves the drastic reduction in recidivism through academic and vocational

Analyzing the Narrative Structure of Battleship Potemkin Essay Example For Students

Analyzing the Narrative Structure of Battleship Potemkin Essay Analysing the Narrative Structure of Battleship Potemkin Sergei Eisensteins seminal 1925 film, Battleship Potemkin, is often regarded as one of the finest silent films ever made, and as perhaps the greatest example of a propaganda movie in history. Eisensteins film tells the story of the mutiny aboard the Battleship Potemkin, a historical event which took place in 1905. The work can be seen to provide an excellent example of a film that uses an unusual narrative structure when Judged by todays standards of cinema. The director employs a large number of imagery and narrative techniques which help to create a vivid, striking icture of the mutiny aboard the Potemkin, an image intended by Eisenstein to remain in the mind long after the film ends. One of the most immediately noticeable aspects of the films narrative structure can be found in its division in to 5 distinct episodes, each with its own title and each relating to a clearly distinguishable set of events that progresses the story of the film. As the film is silent, the different episodes are interspersed with title cards detailing the name of each episode, with each title giving a clear and easily discernible notion of the events to follow. For example, the first episode, in which the sailors protest gainst being made to eat rotten meat, is named Men and Maggots. The division of the film into these five acts ensures that the narrative of the film progresses at a steady pace, with each act seemingly anticipating the events of the next. As the foundation for the story is laid in the sailors refusal to eat rotten meat in the first act, the events of the second episode, entitled Drama on the Quarterdece, in which the sailors mutiny, can be seen to be a direct consequence of the events of the first. Each of these episodes could be seen as a smaller narrative in itself that fits in to one verarching meta-narrative, with clear relation between them. The films five episode structure can be seen to bear resemblance to the construct of the classical tragedy. Battleship Potemkins first episode seemingly mirrors the traditional prologue of classical tragedy, in which the tragedys topic is presented and the core topics of the work are raised. (pg. internet) In Men and Maggots, the foundation of the story is laid as the setting and reasons behind the sailors mutiny are brought to light. The films narrative is also unusual in its lack of a single protagonist who is followed hroughout the film. Rather than focusing on a single character, the film instead places emphasis on a large group of characters, namely the sailors on the Potemkin (pg. 178 corrigan). Whilst some characters are focused on more than others, such as the ships doctor or Vakulinchuk, the de-facto leader of the uprising, these characters cannot be considered as protagonists of the film. These characters instead seem to represent certain ideologies or important viewpoints that can be found in the film. For example, whilst Vakulinchuk is the member of the uprising that is seemingly most rom his perspective, thus he does not hold the role of the protagonist, but more seems to stand as a symbol of the revolution and uprising. This notion is further compounded when he is killed in the mutiny, and the character of Vakulinchuk becomes something of a symbolic martyr for the cause, as can be noted in the scenes found in the third episode of the film, A Dead Man Calls for Justice. This scene heavily implements the technique of montage, cutting to the mourning faces of sailors and civilians alike, driving the narrative by illustrating the pain caused by the actions of the Tsarists by killing Vakulinchuk. Whilst Vakulinchuk is seemingly a symbol for the revolution, other characters, such as the ships doctor, can be seen to drive the narrative by representing the forces of the oppressive bourgeoisie. In the opening episode, the ships doctor can be seen to state These are not worms. They are only maggots. Wash them out with brine. These few words can be seen to immediately place the ships doctor on the side of the Tsarists, serving to oppress the sailors of the Potemkin and caring little of their plight, encouraging them to eat maggot infested food despite being the ships doctor. This technique clearly creates a ision of two opposing sides, the Tsarist oppressors, and the oppressed masses, represented by the sailors. Eisensteins techniques seemingly aim to express a narrative of ideology more so than a narrative of characters. One might say that the lack of a central protagonist helps to proliferate the communist message behind Eisensteins film. A Bought Lesson Learned EssayDespite its apparent sequential irrelevancy, this is a narrative technique by Eisenstein which aims to remind the viewer of the reasoning behind the actions of the sailors. Whilst Eisensteins editing and montage technique can be seen to advance the films emotional connection with the viewer, particularly in the Odessa steps sequence, one ack of narrative structure in Eisensteins film. Whilst portraying these montages that serve to prompt an emotional response from the viewer, aiming to draw the audience to the films underlying socialist, anti-Tsarist message, the narrative of the story seems to take something of a backseat. Although many montages, such as those of the civilians and soldiers on the Odessa steps, are emotionally resonant whilst still advancing the plot of the story, one is left with many examples of montage which do little do advance narrative and serve only as emotively charged imagery. A prime xample of this can be found in the montage of the lion statues the Eisenstein includes in the Odessa steps episode. Here Eisenstein attempts to invoke the image of the Russian people rising up by carefully placing shots of three different lion statues, one sleeping, another awakened, and the third rising up. Although this imagery of the lion statues is not directly related to the events on the Odessa steps at all, this could be seen as an example of the Kuleshov effect, a technique first shown by Russian filmmaker Lev Kuleshov, which leads the audience to associate apparently nrelated imagery with shots directly preceding and following it. (pg. 64 betancour) This leads the viewer to associate the rising lion with the rising of the Russian people. This scene does not add anything to the narrative structure or progression of the film, instead only aiding the promotion of the ideology behind the film. The narrative structure of Eisensteins film differs largely from much of conventional modern-day cinema. The fact that the film is silent and contains little dialogue means that different techniques must be used to provide the reader with information about he story and characters. Eisenstein uses techniques such as the symbolic imagery of the light and dark uniforms of the good and bad characters. Eisensteins techniques of parallel montage serve the purpose of invoking emotional responses in the viewer, as can be seen in the sequence on the Odessa steps in which the shots Jump between the inhuman Tsarist soldiers and the innocent civilians being massacred. However, this technique can also serve to limit the films narrative, as story often takes a backseat to the emotional and ideological message Eisenstein attempts to transmit. Works Cited The Battleship Potemkin. Dir. Sergei Eisenstein. Mosfilm, 1925. Betancourt, Michael. Structuring Time: Notes on Making Movies. N. p. : Wildside, 2004. Print. Chatman, Seymour Benjamin. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film / by Seymour Chatman. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1986. Print. Corrigan, Timothy, and Patricia White. Film Experience: An Introduction. New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. Print. McManus, Barbara F. Outline of Aristotles Theory of Tragedy. Outline of Aristotles Theory of Tragedy. College of New Rochelle, Nov. 1999. web. 8 Jan. 2013.